Hardware wallet backups typically consist of a BIP39 recovery phrase recorded at device initialization. This phrase is equivalent to the private keys themselves and must be protected with the same rigor as the device.
Store backups in physically secure, fire-resistant locations separate from the device. Avoid digital photographs, cloud storage, password managers, and email — all create exposure vectors.
Test recovery on a secondary device or wallet software in a private setting to confirm backup validity. Document that testing occurred without recording the phrase itself in unsecured notes.
Backup failure is a leading cause of permanent access loss; proactive testing and continuity documentation reduce but do not eliminate this risk.